Guardian Figure: Nio (1185-1333)

The Guardian Figure: Nio dating from the 1200s, is a striking wooden sculpture from the Kamakura period (1185-1333) in Japan. Standing at an imposing height of 167.9 cm or 66 1/8 inches, this piece is housed at the Cleveland Museum of Art. The Nio figures, characterized by their muscular forms and fierce expressions, are traditionally stationed at the entrance of Buddhist temples, symbolizing protection against evil spirits.

The Nio, or Kongorikishi, are a pair of guardian deities that have roots in Hinduism and were later integrated into the Japanese Buddhist pantheon. The figures represent the wrathful guardians of Buddha, known as dharmapalas, and are believed to have traveled with Gautama Buddha to protect him. The tradition of Nio figures evolved from Hindu gods in India and was adapted by Japanese Buddhism, where they were seen as aggressive protectors who justified the use of force to defend against evil. This particular Nio figure originated from a Buddhist temple in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, and is crafted from chestnut and cypress wood, typical materials used in Japanese wooden sculpture of that era.

Nio figures, typically displayed outdoors with minimal protection from the elements, were subjected to significant weathering over time. They were often positioned at the temple gates, exposed to wind, rain, and sunlight, which contributed to their weathered and aged appearance. One notable anecdote involves the Nio figure’s imposing presence; their muscular build and fierce expressions were designed to intimidate and ward off evil spirits, while also serving as a psychological barrier to any ill-intentioned intruders.

The Nio figures play a critical role in East Asian Buddhism, particularly in Japan, where they are stationed at the entrance gates of temples. They embody the dual forces of creation and destruction, symbolized by their open and closed mouths: the open-mouthed figure (Agyō) represents birth, while the closed-mouthed figure (Ungyō) symbolizes death. This duality is also reflected in their association with the sacred syllable “Aum,” representing the beginning and end of all things. Their presence at temple gates signifies their role as protectors of sacred spaces, defending against spiritual and physical threats.

This Nio figure is crafted from chestnut and cypress wood, materials commonly used in Japanese sculpture due to their durability and workability. The figure stands at 167.9 cm or 66 1/8 inches tall. The intricate carving details, including the fierce facial expression and muscular build, reflect the artistic style of the Kamakura period, known for its realism and dynamic forms.

The Nio figure originally stood at a Buddhist temple in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, serving as a guardian at the temple’s entrance. Over time, it was acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art, where it is now preserved and displayed as part of their collection of Asian art.