Seated Koki (1400s CE)

The “Seated Koki” is a unique and intriguing sculpture from Japan’s Muromachi period (1392–1573). Depicting a vase-bearing, bamboo backpack-wearing green Koki under the mystical influence of En no Ozunu, the legendary ascetic and founder of Shugendō, this object captivates viewers with its rich historical, cultural, and spiritual symbolism.

The “Seated Koki” dates back to the 1400s during the Muromachi period, a time characterized by the flourishing of Japanese culture and the development of various religious practices. The sculpture represents Koki, a figure from Japanese folklore, under the control of En no Ozunu (634–701), also known as En no Gyōja, the founder of Shugendō. Shugendō is a spiritual discipline that combines elements of Shinto, Buddhism, and Taoism, with a focus on ascetic practices in mountainous environments. The Koki figure reflects the spiritual influence and mystical powers of En no Ozunu, who is venerated as a semi-legendary figure in Japanese religious history.

According to legend, En no Ozunu, known for his supernatural abilities, used mystical control over various spirits, including the Koki, to assist in his ascetic practices and spiritual missions. The Koki, depicted here carrying a vase and wearing a bamboo backpack, is believed to be one of the spirits bound to his service, symbolizing both servitude and the spiritual connection between the natural and supernatural worlds. The dynamic pose of the sculpture convey the Koki’s active role within this spiritual narrative.

Within the cultural and artistic context of Japan, this sculpture serves as an embodiment of Shugendō’s core principles, including endurance, discipline, and harmony with nature. The figure of the Koki, in particular, symbolizes the intersection of human and spirit worlds, as well as the ascetic practices revered in Shugendō. The detailed carving, and dynamic posture of the sculpture reflect the Muromachi period’s artistic style, which emphasized realism, vitality, and the representation of religious themes.

The “Seated Koki” is a wooden sculpture, meticulously hand-carved and covered with gesso. It was then painted in shades of green, white, red, yellow, orange, and black, with select areas gilded to highlight specific features. The overall dimensions of the sculpture are 28.5 cm (11 1/4 inches). The use of multiple pigments and gilding showcases the artistic techniques of the Muromachi period, blending both natural and vibrant tones to bring the figure to life.

Currently, the “Seated Koki” resides in The Cleveland Museum of Art, where it remains a significant part of the museum’s collection of East Asian art.